Eight automakers from Germany and the United States (Audi, BMW, Chrysler, Daimler, Ford, GM, Porsche and Volkswagen) announced that they will adopt a unified charging interface in the future. This new charging standard interface is named "DC Fast Charging with a Combined Charging System" and is compatible with 4 charging methods. Including single-phase AC, fast three-phase AC, home DC and public ultra-fast DC. These four charging methods can be completed through a unified charging interface, allowing the user to complete charging under different conditions. More importantly, the device is also capable of performing a fast charge operation of 15-20 minutes. According to General Motors, this joint charging method can reduce the cost of research and development and the complexity of the infrastructure, and can improve the reliability of charging and reduce the daily use of the owner. The new joint charging method will be presented at the 29th Electric Vehicle Symposium. Official mass production products are expected to be launched later this year, and the first electric vehicles using this technology will not be available until next year.
Asbestos was added as an common ingredient to Brake Pads post-WWI, as car speeds began to increase, because research showed that its properties allowed it to absorb the heat (which can reach 500 °F) while still providing the friction necessary to stop a vehicle. However, as the serious health-related hazards of asbestos eventually started to become apparent, other materials had to be found. Asbestos brake pads have largely been replaced by non-asbestos organic (NAO) materials in first world countries. Today, brake pad materials are classified into one of four principal categories, as follows:
Non-metallic materials - these are made from a combination of various synthetic substances bonded into a composite, principally in the form of cellulose, aramid, PAN, and sintered glass. They are gentle on rotors, but produce a fair amount of dust, thus having a short service life.
Semi-metallic materials - synthetics mixed with varying proportions of flaked metals. These are harder than non-metallic pads, more fade-resistant and longer lasting, but at the cost of increased wear to the rotor/drum which then must be replaced sooner. They also require more actuating force than non-metallic pads in order to generate braking torque.
Fully metallic materials - these pads are used only in racing vehicles, and are composed of sintered steel without any synthetic additives. They are very long-lasting, but require more force to slow a vehicle while wearing off the rotors faster. They also tend to be very loud.
Ceramic materials - Composed of clay and porcelain bonded to copper flakes and filaments, these are a good compromise between the durability of the metal pads, grip and fade resistance of the synthetic variety. Their principal drawback, however, is that unlike the previous three types, despite the presence of the copper (which has a high thermal conductivity), ceramic pads generally do not dissipate heat well, which can eventually cause the pads or other components of the braking system to warp.However, because the ceramic materials causes the braking sound to be elevated beyond that of human hearing, they are exceptionally quiet.
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