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With the growing importance of energy in national political and economic strategies, energy diplomacy has increasingly become a central focus of foreign policy. At its core, energy diplomacy involves leveraging global energy resources to gain economic and political advantages, while ensuring strong support for national economic development. Beyond traditional players like the United States, Japan, and Middle Eastern oil-producing nations, countries such as Russia, China, and India have emerged as new key actors in the realm of energy diplomacy. The global expansion of energy diplomacy has significantly reshaped international relations and geopolitics.
Today, oil is considered a strategic resource, and competition over it has intensified. Major countries exhibit distinct characteristics in their energy diplomacy approaches. The United States seeks absolute control over global energy supplies, aiming to maintain its dominance. Russia, as one of the world’s largest oil and gas producers, uses energy as a tool to reassert its influence on the global stage. Japan, lacking natural energy resources, has implemented comprehensive measures to secure its energy supply. Its energy policy emphasizes efficiency and conservation, even if it means challenging U.S. allies—such as when it signed a major oil agreement with Iran. Additionally, Japan is strengthening ties with African nations to diversify its energy sources.
The European Union focuses on energy security through cooperation. Its energy strategy prioritizes three levels of security: economic, defense, and life security. It also emphasizes principles such as ensuring stable energy supply, protecting the environment, and safeguarding consumer interests. In India, energy diplomacy has gained increasing prominence. To support its rapid economic growth, India has shifted its energy diplomacy toward oil and gas, actively building relationships with potential energy suppliers and transit countries.
Iran leverages energy as a tool to counter U.S. sanctions, while Saudi Arabia uses its oil wealth to ensure national security. What can China learn from these examples? First, China should develop its own unique energy diplomacy strategy, focusing on the Asian region. This area is not only geographically close but also rich in oil and gas reserves, offering significant geopolitical advantages. Second, China should diversify its energy imports to reduce supply risks. Third, it should strengthen cooperation with major energy-consuming countries to achieve mutual benefits. Given the strategic nature of oil, collaboration among consumer nations is crucial for maintaining market stability and preventing disruptions. By sharing risks, reducing costs, and fostering mutually beneficial partnerships, China can enhance its role in global energy diplomacy.